Unless you are converting from a specific sensitivity with these properties, you have to find them yourself. First set your resolution, monitor size and DPI and adjust the MDH distance until it shows 5 cm crosshair movement when the calculator is in advanced mode.
Then adjust the sensitivity until it shows 4 cm mouse movement.
It will be something like this: https://www.mouse-sensitivity.com/?share=4507bc66d7d3e1cbbdf63fc28fa35c31
This is a bit of a backwards way of doing it so it's somewhat manual but can be done.
Not sure if you're showing the correct pic here, that's just the static game info and it doesn't change based on your settings.
Correct, if you're using 50% only the mouse distance moved to 50% monitor distance will be the same, everything else will be slightly off.
0% is tracking speed, meaning you can track a target with the same constant movement if the target moves at the apparent same rate (see examples in the instructions).
If the FOV's are the same, all methods will give you the same result since there is no difference.
This is hard to answer as we all have different preferences, but the best way is to base the sensitivity off of one specific game you feel you master well.